南極磷蝦油是一種獨(dú)特的磷蝦提取物,是Omega-3多不飽和脂肪酸的天然來源,富含海洋磷脂、蝦青素、膽堿和其他生物活性物質(zhì)。近年來,隨著研究的不斷深入,磷蝦油在運(yùn)動(dòng)營(yíng)養(yǎng)領(lǐng)域的許多獨(dú)特魅力被不斷挖掘。
MegaRed脈拓此次邀請(qǐng)到了國(guó)家體育總局訓(xùn)練局營(yíng)養(yǎng)膳食處營(yíng)養(yǎng)師韓宇晨,為大家科普磷蝦油是如何為運(yùn)動(dòng)員們提供科學(xué)的保障。
1. 提高運(yùn)動(dòng)代謝能力
Omega-3目前作為運(yùn)動(dòng)補(bǔ)充劑在運(yùn)動(dòng)營(yíng)養(yǎng)領(lǐng)域已有眾多的研究,而磷蝦油富含EPA(二十碳五烯酸)和DHA(二十二碳六烯酸)這兩種omega-3脂肪酸以磷脂型存在,有更佳的吸收率和生物利用度,在提升運(yùn)動(dòng)表現(xiàn)方面優(yōu)勢(shì)明顯。北京體育大學(xué)近期對(duì)長(zhǎng)跑運(yùn)動(dòng)員進(jìn)行了相關(guān)的系統(tǒng)性研究,結(jié)果表明,補(bǔ)充南極磷蝦油4周可以改善長(zhǎng)跑運(yùn)動(dòng)員的血漿粘度,這是提升耐力運(yùn)動(dòng)員代謝能力的重要體現(xiàn)。運(yùn)動(dòng)員血液流變特性與運(yùn)動(dòng)能力密切相關(guān),優(yōu)秀運(yùn)動(dòng)員在安靜時(shí)血液黏度較普通人低。血液黏度的增加會(huì)使機(jī)體循環(huán)阻力增加,影響機(jī)體的運(yùn)動(dòng)能力和疲勞程度[4]。
2. 增強(qiáng)運(yùn)動(dòng)耐力
膽堿是一種必需的營(yíng)養(yǎng)素,對(duì)神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)的合成、細(xì)胞膜信號(hào)等功能是必不可少的[5],而這些細(xì)胞功能是優(yōu)秀運(yùn)動(dòng)表現(xiàn)的基礎(chǔ),但在激烈的體育活動(dòng)中身體中膽堿的濃度會(huì)受到挑戰(zhàn),由于膽堿在長(zhǎng)時(shí)間的體育活動(dòng)中起到保持最佳的肌肉功能的作用,已被認(rèn)為是耐力比賽中的一個(gè)性能限制因素[6],磷蝦油中的脂肪酸主要以磷脂酰膽堿(PC)的形式存在[7],不管是膽堿含量還是有利于膽堿的吸收形式,磷蝦油都是膽堿的良好來源[8]。一篇發(fā)表在《營(yíng)養(yǎng)學(xué)前沿》的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),將年齡從25歲到61歲不等的47名鐵人三項(xiàng)運(yùn)動(dòng)員,從賽前5周隨機(jī)給予其中23名運(yùn)動(dòng)員4克的磷蝦油,發(fā)現(xiàn)補(bǔ)充磷蝦油的運(yùn)動(dòng)員,其血液中膽堿的濃度明顯較高,而且補(bǔ)充磷蝦油的運(yùn)動(dòng)員在比賽結(jié)束后血清膽堿的增加幅度明顯較大[9]。
3. 幫助減輕運(yùn)動(dòng)引起的肌肉損傷,促進(jìn)運(yùn)動(dòng)后恢復(fù)
運(yùn)動(dòng)引起的肌肉損傷和炎癥是影響運(yùn)動(dòng)員恢復(fù)的主要因素之一,而運(yùn)動(dòng)后的恢復(fù)程度及效率,影響著運(yùn)動(dòng)員能否持續(xù)保持高水平表現(xiàn)。多項(xiàng)研究顯示,磷蝦油的攝入可以減輕運(yùn)動(dòng)引起的炎癥反應(yīng),促進(jìn)肌肉恢復(fù)和修復(fù)。當(dāng)運(yùn)動(dòng)員長(zhǎng)時(shí)間或大負(fù)荷劇烈運(yùn)動(dòng)后,機(jī)體氧化還原易失衡,高活性氧自由基(ROS)過量產(chǎn)生,骨骼肌易受到ROS攻擊并由此而發(fā)生損傷[10]。一項(xiàng)針對(duì)賽艇運(yùn)動(dòng)員的臨床實(shí)驗(yàn)表明,在對(duì)運(yùn)動(dòng)員進(jìn)行1 g /天、6 周的磷蝦油補(bǔ)充后,其運(yùn)動(dòng)后氧化應(yīng)激有所改善[11],這對(duì)于延緩運(yùn)動(dòng)疲勞的發(fā)生、發(fā)展及激發(fā)潛在的運(yùn)動(dòng)能力至關(guān)重要。
4. 支持心血管健康:
良好的心血管功能和健康的心血管狀態(tài)對(duì)于優(yōu)秀的運(yùn)動(dòng)表現(xiàn)至關(guān)重要,健康的心血管,在運(yùn)動(dòng)過程中能為機(jī)體更高效地輸送氧氣和能量。而磷蝦油已被全球四大醫(yī)刊之一的JAMA證實(shí)能有效降低甘油三酯水平[12];同時(shí)有眾多研究發(fā)現(xiàn),磷蝦油能輔助降低低密度脂蛋白膽固醇,進(jìn)而維護(hù)心血管系統(tǒng)的健康。尤其是舉重、柔道、投擲等項(xiàng)目的大體重運(yùn)動(dòng)員,心血管病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)程度更高,需要更加積極地進(jìn)行管控和干預(yù)。健康的身體狀態(tài),一定程度上有助于運(yùn)動(dòng)員在日常訓(xùn)練和賽場(chǎng)中的運(yùn)動(dòng)表現(xiàn),長(zhǎng)遠(yuǎn)來看,也有利于運(yùn)動(dòng)生涯的健康穩(wěn)定發(fā)展。
總的來說,南極磷蝦油在運(yùn)動(dòng)表現(xiàn)領(lǐng)域的支持作用已陸續(xù)得到不同研究的證實(shí),但作為一種新興的營(yíng)養(yǎng)成分,深入研究作用機(jī)理、研究不同劑量、不同時(shí)間服用南極磷蝦油所可能帶來正向支持仍是未來需持續(xù)努力的方向,這將有助于進(jìn)一步優(yōu)化營(yíng)養(yǎng)補(bǔ)給策略,為提升運(yùn)動(dòng)員的運(yùn)動(dòng)表現(xiàn)或改善運(yùn)動(dòng)健康提供更有力支撐。
Reference:
1. Yang, S., He, Q., Shi, L., & Wu, Y. (2023). Impact of Antarctic Krill Oil Supplementation on Skeletal Muscle Injury Recovery after Resistance Exercise. Eur J Nutr, 62, 1345–1356. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-022-03077-6
2. Seto, Y., Morizane, C., Ueno, K., Sato, H., & Onoue, S. (2018). Supersaturable Self-Emulsifying Drug Delivery System of Krill Oil with Improved Oral Absorption and Hypotriglyceridemic Function. J. Agric. Food Chem, 66(21), 5352–5358. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.8b00693
3. Chen, F., Michal, H., Ran, Y., Hany, R., & Yuval, H. (2019). Asthaxanthin Improves Aerobic Exercise Recovery Without Affecting Heat Tolerance in Humans. Front Sports Act Living, 1–17. https://doi.org/10.3389/fspor.2019.00017
4. Chen, S., He, Q., Yang, J., Huang, X., Shi, L., & Wu, Y. (2022). 南極磷蝦油對(duì)長(zhǎng)跑運(yùn)動(dòng)員有氧代謝及抗疲勞能力的影響. 中國(guó)油脂, 47(11), 16–24. https://doi.org/10.19902/j. cnki. zgyz. 1003-7969.2021.03.100
5. Steven, Z. H. (2006). Choline: Critical Role During Fetal Development and Dietary Requirements in Adults. Annu Rev Nutr, 26, 229–250. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.nutr.26.061505.111156
6. Ralf, J., Martin, P., & Michael, K. (2007). Phospholipids and Sports Performance. J Int Soc Sports Nutr, 4. https://doi.org/10.1186/1550-2783-4-5
7. Lena, B., Nils, H., Sebastiano , B., & Kjetil, B. (2012). Marine Omega-3 Phospholipids: Metabolism and Biological Activities. Int J Mol Sci, 13(11), 15401–15419. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms131115401
8. Mödinger, Y., Schön, C., Wilhelm, M., & Hals, P. (2019). Plasma Kinetics of Choline and Choline Metabolites After A Single Dose of SuperbaBoost Krill Oil or Choline Bitartrate in Healthy Volunteers. Nutrients, 11(10). https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11102548
9. Storsve, A. B., Johnsen, L., Nyborg, C., Melau, J., Hisdal, J., & Burri, L. (2020). Effects of Krill Oil and Race Distance on Serum Choline and Choline Metabolites in Triathletes: A Field Study. Front. Nutr. 7:133. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2020.00133
10. Meo, S. D., Napolitano, G., & Venditti, P. (2019). Mediators of Physical Activity Protection against ROS- Linked Skeletal Muscle Damage. Int J Mol Sci, 20(12), 3024. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20123024
11. Skarpańska-stejnborn, A., Pilaczyńska-szcze?niak, ?., Basta, P., Foriasz, J., & Arlet, J. (2015). Effects of Supplementation with Neptune Krill Oil ( Euphasia Superba) on Selected Redox Parameters and pro - Inflammatory Markers in Athletes during Exhaustive Exercise. J Hum Kinet, 47(12), 7–8. https://doi.org/10.1515/hukin-2015-0056
12. Mozaffarian D, Maki KC, Bays HE, et al. (2022). Effectiveness of a Novel ω-3 Krill Oil Agent in Patients With Severe Hypertriglyceridemia: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Netw Open, 5(1). https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.41898
免責(zé)聲明:市場(chǎng)有風(fēng)險(xiǎn),選擇需謹(jǐn)慎!此文僅供參考,不作買賣依據(jù)。